O Output Agricultural Production & Food Availability





Related: Meat & Animal Products Production are under Meat & Animals


Check:
The Eurostat website 'Statistics Explained' publishes up-to-date statistical information on Agricultural products http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Agricultural_products
The Eurostat website 'Statistics Explained' publishes up-to-date statistical information on Farm structure http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Farm_structure_statistics

Good source is:

Allen, R.C. (2000), “Economic Structure and Agricultural Productivity in Europe, 1300-1800”, European Review of Economic History, 4, 1-26. Online here: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=469519


Text
TEXT The Early 1990s were bad - 1) Breakdown of the Soviet Union 2) Restructuring of EU agrar market
At the same time there is made no correction for the fact that the early 1990s were pretty bad for grain production. This was due both to the former planned economies and to the European Union. The collapse of the former Soviet Union and the other centrally planned economies has caused a drop in production from 1990 to 2000 of almost 40 percent, from supplying almost 17 percent of the world's grain to less than 10 percent. The EU has restructured its Common Agricultural Policy to rely less on subsidy and to avoid overproduction, which has also led to a fall in the EU's grain production of more than 5 percent.629629. FAO 2000d:50, WFS 1996:1, 2.15. and CGIAR 1996.
 Moreover, the EU has increased its environmental farmland set-aside, and low world market prices also depress production.630630. ERS 1999b:8-9; IFPRI 1999:21ff.

Long run
Maybe we can use the long run studies on GDP per capita for that (Broadberry, Nuno Palma, Roger Fouquet, Bob Allen) – since it was such a huge part of output we must know something

TEXT Aussichten auf Zukunft
Die Produktivität des Agrarsektors ist in LDCs noch immer viel geringer als in entwickelten Ländern - aber auch in LDCs wird sie steigen (der große Abstand ist einer der Gründe warum wir darüber so sicher sein können (Maschinen etc.)) und dann wird der Agrarsektor auch dort immer weniger Menschen brauchen und diese können dann in anderen Branchen arbeiten und dadurch wird die Wirtschaft auch dort wachsen.



Empirical View on agricultural production
TABLE Rate of Change in Gross Output, by World Region, (1870-2000) – Federico






Long-term Trend of Agricultural Output (from 1800 until 2000) (around the world) - Federico {important bit}
Damit sollte man Datenreihen für die letzten 200 Jahre zusammenbasteln können - zumindest als Diagramm für lange Zeiträume (1870-1913 1913-1938 1938-ca.1950 1950-ca.1960 ca.1960-2000 etc.)
Die Daten sind eigentlich alle nicht per Capita -- aber vielleicht ist es gar nicht so schlecht das absolut (&also nicht per Capita) anzugeben. Und dann zu zeigen dass es sogar per capita Gewinne waren.
– Federico (2008)
[ref]This is taken from Giovanni Federico (2008) – Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800-2000. Princeton University Press. Here is the website of the book. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8057.html

[/ref]
TIMESERIES Wheat Yields in developing Countries (1950-2004) – Wikipedia (FAO data)
TIMESERIES The grain production, kg per capita for the world and the developing world, (1961-2000) – Lomborg [Data FAO 2001]
Opponents to Optimist Reading of World Food Production often site this graph - here is Lomborgs Rebuttal (It is not interesting (the point is opponents show world graph but this hit ceiling as people in ICs have enough - production in DCs is still growing) - but in case anyone wants to argue me - Lomborg
Ich kann das ja einfach erklären. Normalerweise geht es darum global weniger Gewalt, global mehr Reichtum, global mehr Frieden zu haben. Bei Nahrung ist es anders. Hier geht es nicht mehr so stark darum dass die Menge an Nahung in den reichen Ländern steigt. Die haben genug. Es geht darum dass sie dort steigt wo sie gebraucht wird - dort wo es heute noch Unterernährung und Hunger gibt.


Figure 50 The grain production, kg per capita for the world and the developing world, 1961 -2000. Source: FAO 2001.
2001a Database, accessed in 2001: http://apps.fao.org/.
2001b The state of worldfisheries and aquaculture 2000. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/ docrep/003/x8002e/x8002e00.htm.
2001c The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000: Summary Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ftp://ftp-fao.org/unfao/bodies/cofo/cofol5/ X9835e.pdf.

TIMESERIES World cereal production, 1950-90 – Simon (1996) The State of Humanity
tSoH 35 - Agricultural Productivity Before the Green Revolution - George W. Grantham



F igure 36.1a World cereal production, 1950-90
Source: FAO.
TIMESERIES World cereal production, 1950-90 – Simon (1996) The State of Humanity
tSoH 35 - Agricultural Productivity Before the Green Revolution - George W. Grantham



Figure 36.1b World cereal production, 1950-90
Source : FAO.
TIMESERIES Per capita grain production, 1950-90 – Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
tSoH 35 - Agricultural Productivity Before the Green Revolution - George W. Grantham




Figure 36.2a Per capita grain production, 1950-90
Note: More than half of Africa's food calories come from root crops such as cassava and yams. USSR grain is reported bunker weight rather than cleaned and dried as in other countries. Source: FAO.
TIMESERIES Per capita grain production, 1950-90 – Simon (1996) The State of Humanity
tSoH 35 - Agricultural Productivity Before the Green Revolution - George W. Grantham





Figure 36.2b Per capita grain production, 1950-90
Note: More than half of Africa's food calories come from root crops such as cassava and yams. USSR grain is reported bunker weight rather than cleaned and dried as in other countries. Source: FAO.
TIMESERIES China grain production, by Grain (Millions Of Tons), (1960-90) – Simon (1996) The State of Humanity
tSoH 35 - Agricultural Productivity Before the Green Revolution - George W. Grantham














Figure 36.4 China grain production, 1960-90
Sources: Production, FAO. Population, 1960, UNESCO Statistical Yearbook 1965; 1970-90, World Bank.

TIMESERIES  Indices of total and per capita food production, 1951-89 (1969-71 = 100) – Simon (1996) The State of Humanity - FOR SOME COUNTRIES OR WORLD REGIONS
tSoH 37 - Recent Trends in Food Availability and Nutritional Well-Being By Thomas T. Poleman


Figure 37.1 Indices of total and per capita food production, 1951-89 (1969-71 = 100)
Source: Data from US Dept of Agriculture, Econ. Res. Ser., World Indices of Agricultural and Food Production (various issues); ibid., World Agricultural Trends and Indicators (various issues); FAO, Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics (various issues); and ibid., Production Yearbook (various issues).
TABLE Agricultural production, by country (1913 = 100) 1920-1938 – Original Source: Federico
Agricultural production, by country (1913 = 100)



Europe

 North-west Europe

 Southern Europe

 Eastern Europe
1920
 75.5
 80.4
 97.9
 59.3
1921
 75.3
 82.3
 96.1
 57.1
1922
 81.4
 86.4
 101.8
 66.0
1923
 84.9
 86.4
 105.9
 73.4
1924
 87.0
 90.1
 102.2
 76.4
1925
 95.7
 93.0
 111.5
 91.8
1926
 94.6
 88.8
 108.0
 95.7
1927
 100.6
 98.2
 108.5
 99.8
1928
 103.3
 101.6
 107.0
 103.5
1929
 108.4
 104.9
 117.2
 108.8
1930
 104.1
 102.8
 104.2
 105.7
1931
 104.8
 107.5
 109.5
 99.3
1932
 102.6
 105.6
 120.2
 90.9
1933
 106.5
 114.3
 109.5
 95.5
1934
 106.5
 114.4
 111.0
 94.8
1935
 107.3
 110.4
 115.1
 100.0
1936
 102.7
 112.5
 94.2
 94.5
1937
 111.6
 108.1
 107.2
 117.9
1938
 112.6
 116.0
 106.4
 111.2

Source: Federico 2005. FEEDING THE WORLD
– Federico (2008)
[ref]This is taken from Giovanni Federico (2008) – Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800-2000. Princeton University Press. Here is the website of the book. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8057.html

[/ref]

TABLE Agricultural output, in millions of bushels, in England and Wales, (1700–1850) – Floud, Fogel, Harris, Hong (2011)
My Source: Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris, Sok Chul Hong (2011) - The Changing Body Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World Since 1700

Original Source: See Tables D.2 and D.3. in the source.

Notes: (1) Output figures are based on the acreages used by Allen 1994, p. 112.
(2) Crop yields for individual years from Turner, Beckett, and Afton (2001) were
calculated as follows: Wheat, barley, and oats: 1750: weighted average of results for
1740s and 1750s; 1800: weighted average of results for 1790s and 1800s; 1850:
weighted average of results for 1840s and 1850s; Rye, beans, and peas: 1750 (beans
and peas only): weighted average of results for 1725/49 and 1750/74; 1800: weighted
average of results for 1775/79 and 1800/24; 1850: weighted average of results for
1825/49 and 1850/74.
[ref]This is taken from: Floud, Fogel, Harris, Hong (2011) – The Changing Body Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World Since 1700. Cambridge University Press. The book's website is here. http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/economic-history/changing-body-health-nutrition-and-human-development-western-world-1700
[/ref]
agr output.xlsx

TABLE Annual production and price of major crops in the United States, 1800–1920 – Floud, Fogel, Harris, Hong (2011)
My Source: Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris, Sok Chul Hong (2011) - The Changing Body Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World Since 1700

Original Source: To get the values of production and price, we used data from the US agricultural census found in Carter et al. 2006, Vol. 4, Series Da668–Da669
for rice, Series Da709–Da710 for corn, Series Da731–Da732 for wheat, Series Da750–Da751 for rye, and Series Da753–Da754 for buckwheat.
When data were not available from the census, the estimates by Towne and Rasmussen (1960) were employed. Note that no US censuses of agriculture
were taken for 1800–1830. Towne and Rasmussen (1960) estimated output by extrapolating 1840 estimates back to 1800 by assuming per capita
rates of production in these earlier years to be about the same as in the benchmark year of 1840; they suggest that although the assumption implies more
or less static agricultural technology and productivity during this period, it does not necessarily imply a lack of consistency (p. 257). Per capita
production was calculated using population in Table 6.2. Price was converted to 1899 constant dollars using consumer price indexes (BLS) in US Bureau
of the Census 1975a, Part 1, Series E135.
[ref]This is taken from: Floud, Fogel, Harris, Hong (2011) – The Changing Body Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World Since 1700. Cambridge University Press. The book's website is here. http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/economic-history/changing-body-health-nutrition-and-human-development-western-world-1700
[/ref]
An gleicher Stelle auch eine Tabelle zu Annual production and price of eggs, dairy products, vegetables, and fruits in the United States, 1800–1920
TABLE Agricultural production growth rates (percent p.a.) – FAO (2012)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap106e/ap106e.pdf

World agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision
[ref]The source is the research paper Alexandratos & Bruinsma (2012) – World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. Rome, FAO.[/ref]
TIMESERIES Agricultural production by region (1960-2050) – FAO (2012)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap106e/ap106e.pdf

World agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision
[ref]The source is the research paper Alexandratos & Bruinsma (2012) – World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. Rome, FAO.[/ref]
TABLE Annual crop production growth (percent p.a.) (1961-2050) – FAO (2012)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap106e/ap106e.pdf

World agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision
[ref]The source is the research paper Alexandratos & Bruinsma (2012) – World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. Rome, FAO.[/ref]
TIMESERIES World wheat production, (1885-1930) – Olmstead & Rhode (2007)

Hatton, O'Rourke, Taylor (2007) - The New Comparative Economic History Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson

[ref]Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode - 'Biological Globalization' in Hatton, O'Rourke, and Taylor (ed.) (2007) - New Comparative Economic History: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson. MIT Press. [/ref]
TABLE Cereal Production,Trade And Food Aid, 1961-1997 By Region - FAO (2000)


[ref]FAO (2000) - The State of Food and Agriculture: Lessons from the Past 50 Years. Food and Agriculture Organization. [/ref]

FAO (2000) - The State of Food and Agriculture: Lessons from the Past 50 Years
TABLE Staples Imbalances Food Staples Exports Vs Imports (India Turning From A Net Importer To A Net Exporter) (1961-2007) – FAO (2000)

food trade.xlsx
[ref]FAO (2000) - The State of Food and Agriculture: Lessons from the Past 50 Years. Food and Agriculture Organization. [/ref]

FAO (2000) - The State of Food and Agriculture: Lessons from the Past 50 Years
TIMESERIES World Grain Production 1950-2006

TIMESERIES Trend of the value of food production, by World Regions (1992-2009) - FAO (2013)
Original Source: FAO, Statistics Division.
[ref]The source is the FAO (2013) - Statistical Yearbook, online here. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e00.htm [/ref]

DT Link: FAO (2013) - Statistical Yearbook
WORLDMAP Crops, gross per capita production (2004-2006 = 100) (index, 2010) - FAO (2013)
Original Source: FAO, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT).
[ref]The source is the FAO (2013) - Statistical Yearbook, online here. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e00.htm [/ref]

DT Link: FAO (2013) - Statistical Yearbook
WORLDMAP Food, gross per capita production (2004-2006 = 100) (index, 2010) - FAO (2013)
Original Source: FAO, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT).
[ref]The source is the FAO (2013) - Statistical Yearbook, online here. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e00.htm [/ref]

DT Link: FAO (2013) - Statistical Yearbook
TIMESERIES Total Worldwide Grain Production (1960-2012) – The Atlantic
TIMESERIES Food production has varied widely in developing regions since 1990, with marked regional differences - Index (1990 = 100) – FAO (2013) R√

Note: Food PIN variability in year t is calculated as the standard error deviation from the trend for the previous five years. It is a polynomial trend of order 3 over the period 1985 to 2011.
Source: FAO.
[ref]The source is FAO, IFAD & WFP (2013) – The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013 - The multiple dimensions of food security, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) or of the World Food Programme (WFP), FAO, Rome, 2013. Online here.http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/

The FAO is the source and copyright holder of this material.[/ref]
Regarding source & relation to FAO
FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information
product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and
printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial
products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source
and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or
services is not implied in any way.
All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial
use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to
[email protected].
FAO (2013) – The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013
to OUTPUT !! TEXT Food Availability - relevant measure: Average dietary energy supply adequacy – FAO (2013) R√
Food availability plays a prominent role in food security.
Supplying enough food to a given population is a necessary,
albeit not a sufficient, condition to ensure that people have
adequate access to food. Over the last two decades, food
supplies have grown faster than the population in
developing countries, resulting in rising food availability per
person. Dietary energy supplies have also risen faster than
average dietary energy requirements, resulting in higher
levels of energy adequacy in most developing regions, bar
Western Asia (Table 2). Average dietary energy supply
adequacy – dietary energy supply as a percentage of the
average dietary energy requirement – has risen by almost
10 percent over the last two decades in developing regions
as a whole. This improvement is consistent with the
reduction in undernourishment from about 24 percent to
14 percent of total population between 1990–92 and
2011–13.
[ref]The source is FAO, IFAD & WFP (2013) – The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013 - The multiple dimensions of food security, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) or of the World Food Programme (WFP), FAO, Rome, 2013. Online here.http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/

The FAO is the source and copyright holder of this material.[/ref]
Regarding source & relation to FAO
FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information
product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and
printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial
products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source
and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or
services is not implied in any way.
All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial
use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to
[email protected].
FAO (2013) – The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013
SCATTER The adequacy of food supply and prevalence of undernourishment are strongly linked – FAO (2013) R√

Source: FAO.
[ref]The source is FAO, IFAD & WFP (2013) – The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013 - The multiple dimensions of food security, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) or of the World Food Programme (WFP), FAO, Rome, 2013. Online here.http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/

The FAO is the source and copyright holder of this material.[/ref]
Regarding source & relation to FAO
FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information
product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and
printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial
products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source
and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or
services is not implied in any way.
All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial
use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to
[email protected].
FAO (2013) – The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013

TIMESERIES Per capita food production variability by world region (1990-2012) - FAO (2013)
Original Source: FAO, Statistics Division.
[ref]The source is the FAO (2013) - Statistical Yearbook, online here. http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e00.htm [/ref]

DT Link: FAO (2013) - Statistical Yearbook
TIMESERIES U.S. Farm Labor Productivity (1805-1995) – Moore & Simon
Aus Moore & Simon - Its Getting Better All the Time

SOURCE: Authors’ estimates from data in I. Welfeld, Where We Live (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988).
TIMESERIES -TABLE English arable output net of seed and animal consumption in million bushels (10-year averages), (1270-1870) – Broadberry, Campbell, Klein, Overton and van Leeuwen (2011)

Sources and notes: Derived from Manorial Accounts Database, Probate Inventories Database and Modern Farm Accounts Database as described in the text. Data reported as decadal averages.
output.xlsx
[/ref]This is taken from Stephen Broadberry, Bruce Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton and Bas van Leeuwen (2011) – British Economic Growth, 1270-1870: an output-based approach. University of Kent. December 2011. School of Economics Discussion Papers. Online here at the web site of the University of Kent. ftp://ftp.ukc.ac.uk/pub/ejr/RePEc/ukc/ukcedp/1203.pdf
[ref]
WP Broadberry, Campbell, Klein, Overton and van Leeuwen (2011) - British Economic Growth, 1270-1870: an output-based approach
TIMESERIES Indexed output in English arable and pastoral agriculture (log scale, 1700=100) – Broadberry, Campbell, Klein, Overton and van Leeuwen (2011)

Sources and notes: See Tables 1-2.
[/ref]This is taken from Stephen Broadberry, Bruce Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton and Bas van Leeuwen (2011) – British Economic Growth, 1270-1870: an output-based approach. University of Kent. December 2011. School of Economics Discussion Papers. Online here at the web site of the University of Kent. ftp://ftp.ukc.ac.uk/pub/ejr/RePEc/ukc/ukcedp/1203.pdf
[ref]
WP Broadberry, Campbell, Klein, Overton and van Leeuwen (2011) - British Economic Growth, 1270-1870: an output-based approach
TABLE Growth rates of food production, area, yield, and yield components, by region and period – Dutt & Ros (2008)

grmv cons.xlsx
Notes: Data on food crop production and area harvested are taken from FAOSTAT data,
revised 2003 (http://apps.fao.org/page/collections?subsetagriculture) on total cereals, total
roots and tubers, and total pulses. Asia consists of ‘Developing Asia’ less the countries of the
‘Near East in Asia’. Africa consists of ‘Developing Africa’ less the countries of the ‘Near
East in Africa’ and the countries of ‘North-West Africa’. The Middle East-North Africa
consists of ‘Near East in Africa’, ‘Near East in Asia’, and ‘North-West Africa’. Latin
America includes Latin America and the Caribbean. Crop production is aggregated for each
region using area weights from 1981. Estimates of production increases due to MVs are from
(4). Growth rates of other inputs are taken as a residual. Growth rates are compound and are
computed by regressing time series data on a constant and trend variable. The totals for ‘All
developing countries’ are derived by weighting the regional figures by 1981 area shares.
[ref]This is taken from Amitava Krishna Dutt, Jaime Ros (2008) - International Handbook Of Development Economics. Volume 1. Edward Elgar Publishing.

[/ref]
Amitava Krishna Dutt, Jaime Ros (2008) - International Handbook Of Development Economics. V. 1 & 2. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Crop production per capita in the world. [7000x3850] [OC] (i.imgur.com)
TABLE Global Value of Agricultural Production by Region, 1961 and 2011 – Alston and Pardey (2014)

Source: Authors’ calculations based on FAOSTAT (2013).
Notes: Countries are grouped according to World Bank (2012) schema, which means that high-income
countries are excluded from each geographical region. For example, that Asia and Pacifi c excludes
Japan and Singapore, and Middle East and North Africa excludes Qatar and United Arab Emirates. PPP$
are purchasing power parity dollars.
agriprod.xlsx
[ref]This is taken from Julian M. Alston and Philip G. Pardey (2014) – Agriculture in the Global Economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 28, Number 1—Winter 2014—Pages 121–146. [/ref]
Julian M. Alston and Philip G. Pardey (2014) – Agriculture in the Global Economy
TIMESERIES Per Capita Agricultural Production by Region, 1961– 2011 – Alston and Pardey (2014)

Source: Authors’ calculations based on FAOSTAT (2013).
Notes: Countries are grouped according to World Bank classifi cations. “LAC” is Latin America and the
Caribbean. “EE & FSU” is Eastern Europe the former Soviet Union. “MENA” is the Middle East and
North Africa. “SSA” is sub-Saharan Africa.
[ref]This is taken from Julian M. Alston and Philip G. Pardey (2014) – Agriculture in the Global Economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 28, Number 1—Winter 2014—Pages 121–146. [/ref]
Julian M. Alston and Philip G. Pardey (2014) – Agriculture in the Global Economy




Productivity (Output/Input) of Agriculture (incl. data on specific food)

TEXT&TABLES Produktivitätssteigerung (mehr Zeug bei weniger Input (Land & Arbeit)) in der Landwirtschaft (Daten & Geschichte)
Die Produktivitätszunahme war riesig. Früher ein Großteil in der Landwirtschaft engagiert heute ein sehr kleiner Teil. Und dennoch eine riesige Verbesserung der Nahrungsmittelversorgung.
Geschichte der Prod
Federico - bis 1930 estensiver ab dann bessere Technik und damit flächesparend
The real process of mechanization started only in the 1950s, and the agricultural work force has gone on growing in absolute terms. Thus, the growth of inputs (extensive growth) was the major cause of worldwide growth in agricultural production until the 1930s, but after World War II, it slowed down. Consequently, most of the big increase in total output in the past half-century has been achieved thanks to the growth in total factor productivity. The available estimates, surveyed in chapter 5, suggest that its growth has been increasing over time and that it has been faster in "advanced" countries than in LDCs. In the "advanced" countries, productivity growth has accounted for the whole of the increase in agricultural output. Contrary to a com- mon view, productivity growth has been faster in agriculture than in the rest of the economy, including manufacturing.
Caution Vorneweg: Die Produktivitätssteigerung messen - geht eigentlich nicht als Productivity per land or per worker sondern als TFP
The Reason for using Total Factor Productivity in measuring agricultural productivity - Productivity per unit of land or per Work is misleading - Federico
– Federico (2008)
[ref]This is taken from Giovanni Federico (2008) – Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800-2000. Princeton University Press. Here is the website of the book. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8057.html

[/ref]
Produktionsfaktoren Moderner Landwirtschaft - weniger Land & viel weniger Arbeiter
Verfügbarkeit von Statistiken zu den Produktionsfaktoren der Landwirtschaft
4.1 INTRODUCTION
MEASURING THE GROWTH of inputs is far from easy because the data are incomplete. The available sources refer mostly to stocks (number of workers, acreage, capital, etc.), while one would need data on flows of services. This causes poten- tial biases, which should be considered whenever possible. Furthermore, the cov- erage varies by countty, factor, and period. The data on capital are particularly scarce: there are no aggregate data even for recent years, and thus it is necessary to present data by item. The data on the stock of land and labor are more abundant, since the FAO provides a comprehensive set of data for all the countries of the world after 1950. For the earlier periods, one has to resort to country data, which, from 1910, have been collected by the International Institute of Agriculture (established in 1905 as the forerunner of the FAO) and published in its yearbook. Thus, the country coverage for land and labor increases from a few countries before 1910 to a bigger sample in the interwar years (but still consisting almost exclusively of European and Western settlement countries) to the whole world after 1950. These data are, for obvious reasons, reported in separate tables that show also the most recent data for the same countries in order to give a rough idea of long-term changes.11. These data take boundary changes into account as much as possible: the figures for "India" are the sum of present-day India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan; those for "Russia" include all the post-Soviet states; and those for "Austria" include present-day Austria, Hun- gary, (former) Yugoslavia, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. It is impossible to take all minor boundary changes into account, and thus the data are not exactly comparable.
Zusammenschau beider Produktionsfaktoren - als Vergleich der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeiten und als Einsatz-Verhältnis
Overview of Growth of Production Factors (Capital, Labour & Land) in Agriculture (including Data on Land per Worker) - Federico


Source: tables 4.1 and 4.16.




Source: FAO Statistical Database.


Notes: Wages/Rent: Western Settlement: Argentina (1885-1938), Uruguay, Australia, Canada (1901-38), and the USA. Europe: Great Britain, Denmark (1870-1914), Sweden (1870-1930), Ireland, France (no data 1914-19), Germany (1870-1914), and Spain (1870-1933). LDCs: Egypt, India, Siam, Burma (1890-1923), Taiwan (1903-38), Kotea (1910-38), and Japan (1885-1938). Rent/Interest and Wages/ Interest: Canada (1901-38), USA, Great Britain, Sweden (1870-1930), France (no data 1914-19), Ger- many (1870-1914), and Japan (discount rate 1885-1938).
Source: Statistical Appendix, table III.
Comparing Growth of Land and Labor Productivity (labor faster than land productivity growth) since 1880 around the world (quite good data) - Federico
Measuring & Explaining Agricultural Productivity Growth by TFP growth (Solow)
Measuring Productivity of Agriculture (Input/Output) [is difficult because Inputs (Land/Labor) are substitutable (TFP is one way of dealing with this)]
At the moment all in 'Productivity (Output/Input) of Agriculture'
DATA-TABLE Sources of Growth of Crop Production, (1961-1999) - Szirmai (2005)
http://www.dynamicsofdevelopment.com/chapter10.htm
[ref]Szirmai (2005) - The Dynamics of Socio-Economic Development: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. [/ref]
WebTab10-8.xls
TABLE European agricultural labor productivity (1600, 1700, 1750, 1800) - Cambridge Economic History Vol. 1
Taken from: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 1, 1700-1870


European agricultural labor productivity (England = 100 in 1800)‌



1600

 1700

 1750

 1800
England
 53.1
 80.4
 107.7
 100.0
Belgium
 88.1
 83.9
 85.3
 77.6
Netherlands
 74.1
 86.7
 103.5
 100.7
France
 50.3
 51.7
 55.9
 58.0
Italy
 58.0
 56.6
 49.0
 39.9
Spain
 53.1
 60.8
 55.9
 49.0
Germany
 39.9
 37.8
 39.2
 46.9
Austria
 39.9
 51.7
 69.9
 51.5
Poland
 54.5
 65.7
 65.0
 74.8

Source: Derived from Allen, 2000, p. 20.
TABLE European agricultural labor productivity 1890 - Cambridge Economic History Vol. 1
Taken from: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 1, 1700-1870

European agricultural labor productivity in 1890 (United Kingdom = 100)‌‌



1890
United Kingdom
 100
Netherlands
 82
Denmark
 44
France
 52
Italy
 28
Spain
 33
Germany
 63

Source: O’Brien and Prados de la Escosura, 1992, p. 531.
TIMESERIES Index of US farm labor productivity in com, wheat, and cotton, Output per manhour index (1800-1967) – Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
tSoH 35 - Agricultural Productivity Before the Green Revolution - George W. Grantham
Figure 35.6 Index of US farm labor productivity in com, wheat, and cotton, 1800-1967
Note: Trend lines calculated from average annual percent gains 1800-1937 and 1937-67. Source: Calculated from data in I. Welfeld, W'here We Live (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988).

Pasted Graphic 6500.tiff
TIMESERIES US agricultural productivity, Output per Unit of Total Inputs (1910-1990) – Simon (1996) - The State of Humanity
tSoH 40 - Trends in Soil Erosion and Farmland Quality By Bruce L. Gardner and Theodore W. Schultz



Figure 40.1 US agricultural productivity
Source: US Dept of Agriculture.
Verschiedene Statistiken zu  Agriculture in Europe, America, and the world‌ (1940-2000) - Cambridge Economic History Vol. 2
Taken from: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present
Agriculture in Europe, America, and the world‌







1940s

 1950

 1960

 1970

 1980

 1990

 2000
1. Agricultural workforce (millions)
 Europe

 149
1940s

 66.2
1950

 54.3
1960

 40.8
1970

 31.3
1980

 24.2
1990

 17.6

2000
9. Fertilizer consumption (kg of nutrients)
 N&C America
Europe

 21.0
46.9

 18.6
62.0a
 17.4
170.8

 20.1
92.7

 20.6
99.8
 20.7

146.2

World
N&C America
 809.5
20.0
 843.0
 928.7
65.5
 1,067.1
 1,221.2
 1,318.6

89.0

Eu/World
World
 8.2%
11.3
 6.4%
 4.4%
49.8
 2.9%
 2.0%
 1.3%
90.9
2. Acreage arable and tree crops (million hectares)
10. Output (1989–91 = 100)
 Europe

W Europe
 43.6g
 151a
 146
75.1
 141
 139
 133

98.2

N&C America
E. Europe

 240

 260a
62.3a
 269
74.4
 274
93.4
 275
101.2
 268

79.3

World
N. America
 1,217

 51.5g
 1,346a
57.9a
 1,391
69.0
 1,432
88.8
 1,502
101.3
 1,502

124.2

Eu/World
Asia inc. China

 12.2%

 11.2%
38.3a
 10.5%
50.6
 9.8%
66.6
 9.2%
100.7
 8.9%
143.7

3. Total fixed agricultural capital (billion 1990 US$)
 Europe



L. America
 31.6g
 44.1a
 348
56.8
 333
76.7
 691
99.5
 621c

138.0

N&C America



Africa
 34.7g
 50.1a
 383
65.9
 399
75.8
 615
98.0
 412c

126.5

World



USSR
 36.2g
 63.4a
 1,263
81.0
 1,267
85.3
 2,303
104.5
 2,293c

61.6
11. Labor productivity (1950 = 100)
 Eu/World



Europe
 100.0
 178.7
 27.5%
266.0
 26.3%
342.1
 30.0%
392.4
 27.1%
277.3

4. Irrigated acreage (million hectares)
 Europe


N&C America
 100.0
 8.3b
131.7
 10.4
166.2
 14.0
187.1
 16.7
199.1
 16.9

240.3

N&C America


World
 100.0
 17.9b
134.1
 20.9
149.5
 27.6
175.6
 28.9
200.2
 31.4

202.0
12. Land productivity (1950 = 100)i
 World


Europe
 100.0
 139.0b
144.1
 167.8
175.8
 209.7
223.3
 244.3
246.7
 274.2

254.2
Eu/World


N&C America
 100.0
 6.0%
107.6
 6.2%
122.8
 6.7%
156.9
 6.8%
169.7
 6.2%
211.3
Europe
World
 270d
 990
100.0
 3,698a
126.2
 6,077
150.1
 8,454
196.7
 10,356
220.6
 9,650

266.7
N&C America
 1,576d
 4,220
 5,326a
 6,038
 5,606
 5,841
 5,808

World
 n/a
 5,552
 11,318a
 16,102
 21,932
 26,526
 26,424

Eu/World
 17.8%
 32.7%
 37.7%
 38.5%
 39.0%
 36.5%
6. Tractors/ 1000 hectares
 Europe
 7.0

 42.0


 72.0

N&C America
 18.0

 22.0


 19.0

World
 5.0

 12.0


 18.0
7. Tractors/ 1000 workers
 Europe
 15.0

 149.0


 549.0

N&C America
 201.0

 347.0


 281.0

World
 2.0

 17.0


 20.0
8. Use of fertilizers (1000 tons)
 Europe
 6,990e
 13,955b
 24,883
 31,196
 26,414
 19,472
N&C America
 4,798e
 8,469b
 17,614
 25,636
 23,605
 22,868
World
 13,792ef
 31,182b
 69,308
 116,720
 137,819
 136,435
Eu/World
 50.7%
 44.8%
 35.9%
 26.7%
 19.2%
 14.3%




Table 13.2 (cont.)

Table 13.2 (cont.)

Source: Federico 2005, 1: p. 59, 2: p. 37, 3: p. 42, 4: p. 45, 5: p. 48, 6 and 7: p. 101, 8: p. 55, 9: p. 99, 10: pp. 236–7.
a 1961, b 1967, c 1992, d 1939, e 1950/51, f USSR excluded, g 1948–52, h =row 10/row 1, i =row 10/row 2
Produktivitätswachstum der Arbeit in der Landwirtschaft
Rapid growth in Labor productivity in Agriculture (Data) - Federico
– Federico (2008)
[ref]This is taken from Giovanni Federico (2008) – Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800-2000. Princeton University Press. Here is the website of the book. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8057.html

[/ref]
TABLE Real output per worker in agriculture (England 1870=100) (1705, 1775, 1845, 1870)
TABLE Factor inputs and labor productivity in agriculture‌ (1850, 1880, 1910) Europe and India - Cambridge Economic History Vol. 2
Taken from: The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present

Table 3.4 Factor inputs and labor productivity in agriculture‌

˚ males only.
Sources: land (acreage and tree-crops only), Federico 2005, Table 4.1. For European Russia, data from Anfimov and Korelin 1995: 61; Labor (males and females), Federico 2005, Table 4.16; labor productivity computed as ratio of GDP (averages 1878–81 and 1911–13) to workforce.
TIMESERIES Simulated Agricultural Total Factor Productivity England 1300-1800 - Allen
My Source: James Fenske - 2012LectureGeography


Orig Source: Allen (2003)
TABLE Calories Produced per Worker-Hour, Forager and Shifting Cultivation Societies versus England, 1800 - Clark
Gregory Clark (2007) - A Farewell to Alms - a brief economic history of the world

[ref]The Source is Clark (2008) - A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press.

The original source is: aTucker, 2001, 183. bWerner et al., 1979, 307. cBergman, 1980, 133. dJohnson, 1975.
eDove, 1984, 99. fHurtado and Hill, 1987, 178. gKaplan and Hill, 1992.
[/ref]
prod.xlsx
TABLE The industrial revolution was an agricultural revolution: Sources of the Industrial Revolution, (1760s-1860s) – Clark
Gregory Clark (2007) - A Farewell to Alms - a brief economic history of the world

[ref]The Source is Clark (2008) - A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press.

[/ref]
indrev.xlsx
Population Growth and Food and Raw Material Supplies - Clark
outpu.xlsx
Gregory Clark (2007) - A Farewell to Alms - a brief economic history of the world

[ref]The Source is Clark (2008) - A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. Princeton University Press.

[/ref]
SCATTER Comparative Productivity Of The World's Major Agricultural Systems In The Middle Of The Twentieth Century - Productivity per Worker (quintals of cereal) vs Surface Area per Worker – FAO (2000)

[ref]FAO (2000) - The State of Food and Agriculture: Lessons from the Past 50 Years. Food and Agriculture Organization. [/ref]

FAO (2000) - The State of Food and Agriculture: Lessons from the Past 50 Years
TABLE Productivity (per Person and Yields) in Developed and Developing Countries (Agricultural Productivity - Value Added per Worker) – Todaro & Smith (2011) [World Bank WDI Data]

Source: Data from World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2010 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2010), tabs. 1.1 and 3.3.


Michael P. Todaro and Stephen C. Smith (2011) - Economic Development, 11th Edition.

[ref]The source is Michael P. Todaro & Stephen C. Smith (2011) - Economic Development, 11th Edition. The Pearson Series in Economics. [/ref]
TIMESERIES TFPs for the EU countries, 1973-2002 – Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010)

[ref]This is taken from Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide, CARD-MATRIC Electronic Book, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Available online here. http://www.card.iastate.edu/books/shifting_patterns/
[/ref]
Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide
T TIMESERIES and DATA! Annual data on Output, input, TFP, labor, and land productivity indexes in the UK, (1953-2008) – Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010)



We begin by reporting the output, input, TFP, land, and labor productivity indexes
and then look at outputs and inputs at various levels of aggregation. Table 7.4
begins with the output index, which starts from the conventional arbitrary value
of 100 and rises to 188.9, so output increased by 89% over the full period. Inputs,
in the second column, actually fell by 2.6%, so productivity has increased, as the
third column shows, to 196, which is a gain of 96%. Output per unit of land, or
yields, more than doubled, and labor productivity increased enormously, to 1108,
or a little over 11 times its initial value. The huge difference between TFP and
yields relative to labor productivity results from the substitution of other inputs for
labor, which is a leading feature of developed country agricultural progress.

[ref]This is taken from Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide, CARD-MATRIC Electronic Book, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Available online here. http://www.card.iastate.edu/books/shifting_patterns/
[/ref]
Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide
TIMESERIES TFP growth in Canada - Törnqvist-Theil Indexes of Prairie aggregate agricultural inputs, outputs, and productivity, 1940-2004 – Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010)

Source: Stewart 2006.
[ref]This is taken from Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide, CARD-MATRIC Electronic Book, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Available online here. http://www.card.iastate.edu/books/shifting_patterns/
[/ref]
Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide
SCATTER-TIMESERIES Land and labor productivity by region, 1961-2005 – Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010)

Sources: Authors’ calculations based on FAOSTAT Database and USDA-FAS unpublished data.
Notes: The land-labor ratio is constant along each grey diagonal line, and values for those ratios are
given at the terminus of the respective diagonal line on the top and right axes. Notably, any arbitrary
45 degree line represents a constant land-labor ratio, so regional plots with slopes greater than 45
degrees (e.g., Sub-Saharan Africa and the middle-income countries) indicates increased land use
relative to labor use while the opposite is true for regions with plots that have a slope of less than 45
degrees (e.g., North America and Western Europe).
Text by the authors
Figure 3.5 draws on the FAOSTAT database to report land and labor productivity
measures for 212 countries (some of which no longer exist) grouped
into various aggregates according to regions and per capita income. Here we
use the graphical technique developed by Hayami and Ruttan (1971), where
the horizontal axis measures labor productivity (in logarithms) and the vertical
axis measures land productivity (in logarithms). The productivity loci
were formed by taking ratios of the value of aggregate output to the quantity
of land input and to the quantity of labor input. Output is an estimate of the
total value of agricultural output (spanning 155 plant commodities and 30
animal commodities) expressed in 1999-2001 average purchasing power parity
agricultural prices obtained from FAO. Land is a measure of harvested and
permanently pastured area, and labor is a head count of the economically active
workers in agriculture. These ratios were then scaled by the corresponding
value ratios of output and input in the base year 1961, and the natural logarithms
of the scaled index ratios were then taken. Since both axes are measured in natural logarithms, a unit increase in either direction is interpreted
as a proportional increase in land or labor productivity, and the length of the
productivity locus is an indication of the average annual rate of change in productivity.
All of the productivity paths move generally (but not uniformly) in
a northeasterly direction, starting in 1961 and ending in 2005, indicating productivity
growth.
The diagonals indicate constant land-to-labor ratios. As the productivity locus
for a particular country or region crosses a diagonal from left to right, it indicates
a decrease in the number of economically active workers in agriculture per
harvested hectare in that region. Substantive but gradually changing differences
can be seen in the land-labor ratios among countries and regions. In Japan’s case,
land-labor ratios rose from 0.6 hectares per worker in 1961 to 1.6 in 2005. Landlabor
ratios in Australia and New Zealand have changed little, whereas they have
risen by some 83% in North America. They also rose, albeit very slowly, for the
Latin America and Caribbean region, consistent with the region’s labor productivity
growing slightly faster than its land productivity. Sub-Saharan Africa has
become much more labor-intensive so its land-labor ratios have declined. In
1961 the region averaged 10.0 hectares per agricultural worker, but by 2005 the
land-labor ratio had halved to 5.0 hectares per worker.
The relative positions of the productivity loci are revealing as well. In the
terminal year of the data series, 2005, low-income countries as a group averaged
just $331 of output per agricultural worker, compared with $1,032 per
worker for middle-income counties and $26,975 per worker for high-income
counties when taken as a group. The land productivity relativities are less
clearly tied to per capita incomes. For example, middle-income countries as a
group had similar output per hectare in 2005 ($381) as the high-income countries
($405 per hectare). According to these data, in 2005 the average land
productivity in sub-Saharan Africa ($88 per hectare) exceeded that of Australia
and New Zealand ($64 per hectare). Clearly, broad, regional productivity trends
mask significant local variation caused by a host of agro-ecological, marketrelated,
and policy-related factors.
[ref]This is taken from Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide, CARD-MATRIC Electronic Book, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Available online here. http://www.card.iastate.edu/books/shifting_patterns/
[/ref]
Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide
TIMESERIES Comparison of agricultural TFP indexes (index equals 100 in initial year) – Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010)

[ref]This is taken from Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide, CARD-MATRIC Electronic Book, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Available online here. http://www.card.iastate.edu/books/shifting_patterns/
[/ref]
Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide
TABLE and TIMESERIES Productivity indicators for world agriculture – Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010)

tfp.xlsx
Sources: FAOSTAT and author’s calculations.
Notes: Output per worker: FAO gross output index divided by number of persons working
in agriculture. Output per hectare: FAO gross output index divided by total arable land and
permanent pasture. Grain yield: Global production of maize, rice and wheat divided by area
harvested of these crops. Total agricultural output is unfiltered and land input is not adjusted
for quality.
Sources of growth in global agriculture

Source: Author’s estimates.
[ref]This is taken from Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide, CARD-MATRIC Electronic Book, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Available online here. http://www.card.iastate.edu/books/shifting_patterns/
[/ref]
Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide
TABLE Agricultural output and productivity growth for global regions by decade – Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010)


tfpglobal.xlsx
[ref]This is taken from Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide, CARD-MATRIC Electronic Book, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, The Midwest Agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Available online here. http://www.card.iastate.edu/books/shifting_patterns/
[/ref]
Alston, Babcock, and Pardey [eds.] (2010) – The Shifting Patterns of Agricultural Productivity Worldwide
Developments in land and labour productivity in OECD countries, 1969-2008

Notes by the source: Differences in productivity level and trend across countries reflect to a large extent
differences in land endowment.
Labour is measured as the number of economically active worker. Land is the sum of area harvested and in permanent pastures
The start and end points of the arrow represent labour and land productivity during the average of initial and last three years (1969-71 and 2006-08).

Source: Secretariat's calculations using FAO Stat and ILO Laborsta data.
US employment data from National Agricultural Statistical Service. Swiss and Luxembourg employment data from official estimates.

[ref]Thi is taken from OECD (2011) – Fostering Productivity and Competitiveness in Agriculture, OECD Publishing. Online here. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264166820-en
[/ref]
TABLE Use of Agricultural Inputs, 1961 and 2010 – Alston and Pardey (2014)

Source: Authors’ calculations based on IFA (2013) and FAOSTAT (2013).
Notes: Countries grouped based on per capita income in 2010 according to World Bank classifi cation (see
footnote 1). Agricultural labor represents economically active population in agriculture; agricultural
land is the sum of permanent pasture and harvested area; cropland is the sum of arable and permanently
cropped land; fertilizer represents nitrogen, phosphate, and potash in tons of plant nutrients consumed;
tractors is the number of agricultural tractors in use. According to FAOSTAT (2013) agricultural tractors
“generally refers to total wheel, crawler, or track-laying type tractors and pedestrian tractors used in
agriculture.” Animal traction represents the stock of buffaloes, horses, asses, mules, and camels. We
converted the stock of live animals to horsepower using conversion factors from Craig, Pardey, and
Roseboom (1997). The abbreviation “ha” means “hectares.”
agriInput.xlsx
[ref]This is taken from Julian M. Alston and Philip G. Pardey (2014) – Agriculture in the Global Economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 28, Number 1—Winter 2014—Pages 121–146. [/ref]
Julian M. Alston and Philip G. Pardey (2014) – Agriculture in the Global Economy
very good SCATTER-through-TIME Land and Labor Productivity by Region, 1961– 2011 – Alston and Pardey (2014)

Source: Authors’ calculations based on FAOSTAT (2013).
Notes: Diagonal lines represent constant hectare-per-agricultural worker ratios. The ratios corresponding
to each diagonal line are labeled along the top and right sides of the graph in units of hectares (ha)
per worker. Output is an estimate of the total value of agricultural production (spanning 192 crops and
livestock commodities) expressed in 2004 – 06 average purchasing power parity agricultural prices from
FAO (2012). Land is a measure of harvested and permanently pastured area, and labor is a head count of
the total number of economically active workers in agriculture. Neither of these measures takes account
of differences in land and labor quality among places and over time. Countries are grouped based on per
capita income in 2010 according to World Bank classifi cation (see footnote 1).
*Middle East and North Africa
[ref]This is taken from Julian M. Alston and Philip G. Pardey (2014) – Agriculture in the Global Economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 28, Number 1—Winter 2014—Pages 121–146. [/ref]
Julian M. Alston and Philip G. Pardey (2014) – Agriculture in the Global Economy


Correlates, Determinants, & Consequences


In terms of world food production, 94 percent of the rise in cereal production between 1970 and 1990 reflected an increase in yield per unit of land, and only 6 percent was due to area increase.44. Dyson, Population and Food (1996), table 4.5.

Sources of Growth to Productivity?
TABLE Sources of growth in crop production (percent) (1961-2050) – FAO (2012)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap106e/ap106e.pdf

World agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision

Source historical estimates: Bruinsma (2011).
[ref]The source is the research paper Alexandratos & Bruinsma (2012) – World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. Rome, FAO.[/ref]
TABLE Sources of growth for major cereals in developing countries (1961-2050) – FAO (2012)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap106e/ap106e.pdf

World agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision

Source historical estimates: Bruinsma (2011).
[ref]The source is the research paper Alexandratos & Bruinsma (2012) – World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. ESA Working paper No. 12-03. Rome, FAO.[/ref]

Present Day
WORLDMAP World Map value of agricultural output, by Country in USD (2006)




– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 
Measurement, Data Quality & Definitions

TEXT Reichen lange zurück
Countries such as France, Denmark, and the Netherlands published output statistics from the early nineteenth century, while most "advanced" countries started some decades later, around the middle of the century (UK in 1856, USA in 1869), and LDCs after World War II.
…
Nowadays, all countries provide data on production and trade, which are collected and published by international organizations such as the FAO, the United Nations, and the WTO.

FAO DEFINITION for Primary crops' Primary crops are those which come directly from the land and without having undergone any real processing, apart from cleaning. They maintain all the biological qualities they had when they were still on the plants. Certain primary crops can be aggregated, with their actual weight, into totals offering meaningful figures on area, yield, production and utilization; for example, cereals, roots and tubers, nuts, vegetables and fruits. Other primary crops can be aggregated only in terms of one or the other component common to all of them. For example, primary crops of the oil-bearing group can be aggregated in terms of oil or oil cake equivalent. Primary crops are divided into temporary and permanent crops. Temporary crops are those which are both sown and harvested during the same agricultural year, sometimes more than once; permanent crops are sown or planted once and not replanted after each annual harvest.
[ref]This is the definition given by the UN's Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in their glossary that is online here. http://faostat.fao.org/site/375/default.aspx [/ref]


– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 
DATA
The Data World Agriculture of the Groningen Growth and Development Centre http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/historical-national-accounts
T DATA The FAO database on Food Production is online here. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx It includes several datasets for countries and world regions since 1961.
DATA-TABLE Average Dietary Energy Supply Adequacy (1990-2013) - World, World-Regions, Countries - FAO(2013)
Average Dietary Energy Supply Adequacy (1990-2013) - World, World-Regions, Countries - FAO(2013).xlsx
[ref]This data is taken from the Food Security Indicators of the FAO that are available for download here. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/fs-data/en/
The data presented here was last updated by the FAO on October 1st, 2013.[/ref]
The Meta-data - including sources and definition - is on Sheet 2 of the xls
DATA-TABLE Average Value of Food Production (1990-2011) - World, World-Regions, Countries - FAO(2013)
Average Value of Food Production (1990-2011) - World, World-Regions, Countries - FAO(2013).xlsx
[ref]This data is taken from the Food Security Indicators of the FAO that are available for download here. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/fs-data/en/
The data presented here was last updated by the FAO on October 1st, 2013.[/ref]
The Meta-data - including sources and definition - is on Sheet 2 of the xls
DATA-TABLE Depth of the Food Deficit - World, World-Regions, Countries - FAO(2013)
Depth of the Food Deficit - World, World-Regions, Countries - FAO(2013).xlsx
[ref]This data is taken from the Food Security Indicators of the FAO that are available for download here. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/fs-data/en/
The data presented here was last updated by the FAO on October 1st, 2013.[/ref]
The Meta-data - including sources and definition - is on Sheet 2 of the xls
DATA Annual data on 'Crop production index (2004-2006 = 100)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
DATA Annual data on 'Food production index (2004-2006 = 100)' [by country] is available in the World Development Indicators (WDI) published by the World Bank (here).
DATA&xls  Output Of Butter   –    International Historical Statistics
The IHS data is in this DEVONthink folder:  OUTPUT OF BUTTER
Generelle Beschreibung der Quelle
Data from 1750 onwards for countries around the world is available in the International Historical Statistics (IHS). These statistics – orignally published under the editorial leadership of Brian Mitchell (since 1983) – are a collection of data sets taken from many primary sources, including both official national and international abstracts dating back to 1750. The books are published in three volumes covering more than 5000 pages.[ref]The printed version is published in 3 volumes: Africa, Asia, Oceania – The Americas – Europe. The volume set is described at the publisher's website here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688[/ref] At some universities you can access the online version of the books where data tables can be downloaded as ePDFs and Excel files. The online access is here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688

My citatation for a single series:
[ref]This data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). The online version is available here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688. As a printed version it is published by Palgrave. http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=275960

[/ref]
DATA&xls  Output Of Citrus Fruits & Apples   –    International Historical Statistics
The IHS data is in this DEVONthink folder:  OUTPUT OF CITRUS FRUITS & APPLES
Generelle Beschreibung der Quelle
Data from 1750 onwards for countries around the world is available in the International Historical Statistics (IHS). These statistics – orignally published under the editorial leadership of Brian Mitchell (since 1983) – are a collection of data sets taken from many primary sources, including both official national and international abstracts dating back to 1750. The books are published in three volumes covering more than 5000 pages.[ref]The printed version is published in 3 volumes: Africa, Asia, Oceania – The Americas – Europe. The volume set is described at the publisher's website here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688[/ref] At some universities you can access the online version of the books where data tables can be downloaded as ePDFs and Excel files. The online access is here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688

My citatation for a single series:
[ref]This data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). The online version is available here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688. As a printed version it is published by Palgrave. http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=275960

[/ref]
DATA&xls  Output Of Cocoa, Coffee And Tea   –    International Historical Statistics
The IHS data is in this DEVONthink folder:  OUTPUT OF COCOA, COFFEE AND TEA
Generelle Beschreibung der Quelle
Data from 1750 onwards for countries around the world is available in the International Historical Statistics (IHS). These statistics – orignally published under the editorial leadership of Brian Mitchell (since 1983) – are a collection of data sets taken from many primary sources, including both official national and international abstracts dating back to 1750. The books are published in three volumes covering more than 5000 pages.[ref]The printed version is published in 3 volumes: Africa, Asia, Oceania – The Americas – Europe. The volume set is described at the publisher's website here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688[/ref] At some universities you can access the online version of the books where data tables can be downloaded as ePDFs and Excel files. The online access is here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688

My citatation for a single series:
[ref]This data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). The online version is available here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688. As a printed version it is published by Palgrave. http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=275960

[/ref]
DATA&xls  Output Of Fruit   –    International Historical Statistics
The IHS data is in this DEVONthink folder:  OUTPUT OF FRUIT
Generelle Beschreibung der Quelle
Data from 1750 onwards for countries around the world is available in the International Historical Statistics (IHS). These statistics – orignally published under the editorial leadership of Brian Mitchell (since 1983) – are a collection of data sets taken from many primary sources, including both official national and international abstracts dating back to 1750. The books are published in three volumes covering more than 5000 pages.[ref]The printed version is published in 3 volumes: Africa, Asia, Oceania – The Americas – Europe. The volume set is described at the publisher's website here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688[/ref] At some universities you can access the online version of the books where data tables can be downloaded as ePDFs and Excel files. The online access is here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688

My citatation for a single series:
[ref]This data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). The online version is available here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688. As a printed version it is published by Palgrave. http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=275960

[/ref]
DATA&xls  Output Of Main Arable Crops   –    International Historical Statistics
The IHS data is in this DEVONthink folder:  OUTPUT OF MAIN ARABLE CROPS
Generelle Beschreibung der Quelle
Data from 1750 onwards for countries around the world is available in the International Historical Statistics (IHS). These statistics – orignally published under the editorial leadership of Brian Mitchell (since 1983) – are a collection of data sets taken from many primary sources, including both official national and international abstracts dating back to 1750. The books are published in three volumes covering more than 5000 pages.[ref]The printed version is published in 3 volumes: Africa, Asia, Oceania – The Americas – Europe. The volume set is described at the publisher's website here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688[/ref] At some universities you can access the online version of the books where data tables can be downloaded as ePDFs and Excel files. The online access is here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688

My citatation for a single series:
[ref]This data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). The online version is available here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688. As a printed version it is published by Palgrave. http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=275960

[/ref]
DATA&xls  Output Of Sugar   –    International Historical Statistics
The IHS data is in this DEVONthink folder:  OUTPUT OF SUGAR
Generelle Beschreibung der Quelle
Data from 1750 onwards for countries around the world is available in the International Historical Statistics (IHS). These statistics – orignally published under the editorial leadership of Brian Mitchell (since 1983) – are a collection of data sets taken from many primary sources, including both official national and international abstracts dating back to 1750. The books are published in three volumes covering more than 5000 pages.[ref]The printed version is published in 3 volumes: Africa, Asia, Oceania – The Americas – Europe. The volume set is described at the publisher's website here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688[/ref] At some universities you can access the online version of the books where data tables can be downloaded as ePDFs and Excel files. The online access is here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688

My citatation for a single series:
[ref]This data is taken from the International Historical Statistics (IHS), edited by Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. (April 2013). The online version is available here. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688. As a printed version it is published by Palgrave. http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?pid=275960

[/ref]
V_1.2 - Average Value of Food Production
V_6.3. Per Capita Food Production Variability                                                                                        
xls    FAO Food Security Indicators
Many indicators – the full list is here.  http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/fs-data/en/#.UzCoca1_t4E
Available for download here. http://www.fao.org/economic/ess/ess-fs/fs-data/en/ The whole dataset can be downloaded in one xls file.
Global – by country (some indicators are only available for developing countries.
Since 1990.
    Food_Security_Indicators.xlsx
                                                                    
Food_Security_Indicators.xlsx